Mon, 09 Mar 2026 15:26:22 -0700EditMySiteWed, 04 Mar 2026 16:16:36 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/low-view-of-the-bible-leads-to-confusionCalvinism is not alone in holding to doctrinal views that call into question the character of God.  The Arminian and Wesleyan churches teach a faith plus works means of salvation.  They hold that salvation is open to all, but also any christian can fall from grace and apostatize.  If that person fails to repent of their sin, they will forfeit the everlasting life Christ gave them. 

As I believe Charles Ryrie put it, if you can lose it then everlasting life is the wrong name for it.  But Jesus Christ absolutely called it everlasting life.  He also said it is received the moment someone believes His promise to give it.  John 3:16 and John 5:24 show everlasting life is given immediately and is permanent. 

John 3:16 “For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.” 
John 5:24 “Most assuredly, I say to you, he who hears My word and believes in Him who sent Me has everlasting life, and shall not come into judgment, but has passed from death into life.”  
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Notice neither verse says anything about repentance of sin and clearly says everlasting life is a present possession of the one who believes.  John 5:24 goes on to say there is no future judgement for the believer.   

Even more to the point we are told in Romans 3:23-26 For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,  being justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus,  whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed,  to demonstrate at the present time His righteousness, that He might be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.  

V.23 says we have sinned (past tense) and fall short (present tense) of God’s glory or expectations.  In other words, we never actually measure up to His standards with repentance. But Jesus Christ freely justifies those who believe in Him for life.  He can do that because He became the propitiation for our sin when He died on the cross.  Our redemption is completely the work of God because He justly resolved the issue of sin and them became the justifier of those who believe in Jesus Christ. 

Romans 5:1 Therefore, having been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.  In spite of falling short of God’s glory justification means God is at peace with us.  Romans 5:2 through whom also we have access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.  We stand in God’s grace not our own efforts to do good. 

These are all easy to understand promises from God.  But I can understand how confusing it could be for someone who goes to a church that teaches these things are not true.  Human nature being what it is, Romans 3:23, I fear it wrongly results in doubts about God’s word and His character.  ]]>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 15:51:27 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/the-bible-and-extra-biblical-sourcesIn my last post I posited that a deviation from the plenary verbal inspiration view of the Bible can lead to a distorted understanding of God.  To illustrate that point I got permission from a friend, Ken Yates, to use a recent post of his on the Grace Evangelical Societies blog.  Ken edits the GES Journal and heads up their short-term mission’s work.   The Topic – Is God Good?

Ken's Post:
At the last GES national conference, Geoff Stevens spoke on the dismantling of dispensationalism. One of the points of his presentation is that if we reject a plain, common-sense way of interpreting the Scriptures (dispensationalism), we will lose sight of God’s goodness. 

Some will say that this is ungracious or an overstatement. But I would like to discuss how Calvinism denies God’s goodness. 

Most readers of this blog have probably heard a sermon on Gen 3:1, when Satan asks Eve in Eden: “Has God indeed said, ‘You shall not eat of every tree of the garden?’” Many have pointed out that Satan is questioning God’s goodness here. He leaves off the fact that God told them they could freely eat from all the trees of the garden except one. Satan implies in this question that God is a killjoy. He is holding something back from Adam and Eve. Whatever Eve might have thought about all God had done for them, He wasn’t as good as she thought. 

Who can listen to the Calvinist view of eternal salvation and conclude that God is good? Once again, some will accuse me of being ungracious. Surely, Calvinists believe that God is good. Don’t they? 

But a five-point Calvinist says that God chose only a small group of people to be eternally saved. This small group is called the elect. If you are not one of the elect, you have no hope. Whether you are of the elect or not was determined long before you were born, and there is nothing you can do about it. 

To make matters worse, you can never know in this life whether you belong to the elect. Even if you believe John 3:16, there is no guarantee that it applies to you. If you are not one of the elect, you only think you believe it. Either you didn’t really believe, or you will deny that you believe it at some later date. After you die, you will find out the truth: You never had any hope of eternal life. You were destined before you were born to an eternity of torment in the lake of fire. 

I cannot imagine believing such things. I cannot imagine the anxiety and torment it would produce. Nobody who believes such things can honestly say that God is good. 

The most he could say is that God is good to the elect. But since nobody can know whether they are part of that group, nobody can, as an individual, say that God is good. The non-elect were born into this world, destined for hell, and with no hope. The Calvinist will say they all deserve it. But the one thing he can’t say is that these people should proclaim, “God is good!” 
Satan told Eve in the garden that God was not good. There is a lot of teaching in Christendom today that says the same thing. In fact, Satan was just suggesting it. Calvinism just comes right out and says it: If you aren’t of the elect (and you probably aren’t), God destined you to hell before you were born. 
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Whatever else we say about such a system, it does not describe a good God. Free Grace theology is not like that. We need to get back to the basics: “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only Son that whosoever believes in Him might not perish but have everlasting life.” That applies to everyone. If you believe in Jesus for eternal life, you have it and can never lose it. God is good.  
]]>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 19:03:17 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/how-do-you-view-the-word-of-god​Let’s look at again at the generic doctrinal statement on the Bible with which I began my previous post. Most churches say the Bible is the inspired Word of God, without error and is the final authority on matters of faith and life.  Theologians call this the plenary verbal inspiration view of the Bible.  It means the entire Bible (plenary) including the word selection and grammar (verbal) was inspired or guided by God.  The human authors did write within the context of their own cultures and personalities however, they did so while under the supervision of the Holy Spirit.   

That is the high view of the Bible.  People who hold to that definition of inspiration take pains to seek out the original intent of the authors meaning the people who wrote and the Holy Spirit who was guiding them.  If you hold a high view of the Bible, you likely follow a literal, historical and cultural interpretation method.  when studying Paul’s letter to the Romans you seek to understand it from the perspective of a 1st century Christian living in Rome.  What did the words mean to them back then, not what they mean today in our culture. 

Not all Christians hold the High view.  There are many who believe the Bible contains the word of God but not in the plenary sense.  40 years ago the county wide association of churches where I lived surveyed all the member pastors on their various doctrinal positions including their view of the Bible.  Only 25%, 1 in 4, held to the High view of Scripture.   The rest, 75%, held a wide range of positions.  Those who believe some of it was inspired by God admitted we can’t absolutely be certain which parts were.  Some even held that inspiration occurs as we read it and the meaning will change to match our need for the moment.   We’ll label that the low view of the Bible. 

People who hold to the low view will seek extra-biblical sources for guidance.  The traditions of their denomination, earlier Church leaders or leaders of different movements in Church history.  So, we end up with a number of theological traditions, Calvinism, Arminianism, Wesleyan/Methodist, Covenant, the Orthodox churches and so on. 

If you have not yet figured it out, I hold to the High View of the Bible.  I teach it as being God’s authoritative revelation to the Human race.  I believe we have to take what the Bible says at face value, the plain meaning of the words at the time they were written is the meaning we should assign to those words today.  That sounds good, but it is not easy.  Like everyone I’m a product of my culture.  The Bible says some things that are hard to hear, that go against my nature instincts.  But I’m also convinced that if I deviate from the plenary verbal inspiration view of the Bible I will end up with a distorted understanding of God.  And if I’m not clear in my knowledge about the person of God I open myself up to uncertainty and confusion on the most important matters about life now and in the future.  
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More on that in my next post.  ]]>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 14:38:50 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/the-word-of-godAlmost all Evangelical Christian Churches will have in their doctrinal statement an assertion of their belief that the Bible is the inspired Word of God, without error and is the final or ultimate authority on matters of faith and life.      

2 Timothy 3:16-17 All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.   

There is also the validation by Jesus Christ who spoke of the O.T. Scriptures as God’s Word.  Christ also foretold that the Holy Spirit would guide the Apostles in their writings.  The Lord’s use of the O.T. Scriptures demonstrated that He believed even the words and grammatical structure of every sentence were exactly what God wanted to reveal. 

All of that is reflected in the sample doctrinal statement I listed above.  However, I’ve come to realize there is often a gap between the formally stated beliefs of a church and what is actually taught.  Everyone should be on guard against any misalignment between the ideals of their beliefs and what they actually practice and teach. 

We all have personal theology.  It is our understanding of who God is and the values we derive from that knowledge.  And many of those who study history and culture have concluded that no civilization or country has ever risen above their understanding of God.  I submit the same applies to the individual as well.  As I said above, almost every evangelical Christian claims to believe the Bible is God’s authoritative revelation to the world.  But when I talk to people I find out that many, if not most, do not read their Bibles.   

They read books by Christian authors, listen to music composed by Christian musicians and pay attention to what the Pastor preaches but spend very little time actually reading the Bible.  Their personal theology is a composite of what they hear rather what they have learned for themselves by reading the Bible.  Which I believe is why so many Christians are confused about the nature of God and their salvation. 

My personal view is the only way to overcome any such confusion is to be like the Jews in Berea. 
Acts 17:11-12 These were more fair-minded than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness, and searched the Scriptures daily to find out whether these things were so. 12 Therefore many of them believed, and also not a few of the Greeks.  
Test what you hear against what you can read in the Bible.  And give priority to what the Bible says instead of what you hear.  That includes what I’m writing here.  You want to stand in truth. 
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John 17:17 Sanctify them by Your truth.  Your word is truth. ]]>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 14:50:08 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/our-final-destiny-is-the-issueThe New Heaven and Earth as described in the Bible does sound like science fiction; especially the part about the New Jerusalem and the possibility it orbits the earth.  Hollywood has made a one movie, Elysium, that uses a similar story line of a better place to live hovering about the earth.  Elysium was taken from Greek mythology.  But I suspect there is a Biblical influence as well since the movie version has Elysium as a space station in orbit over the earth.  The main difference is the earth is still a dystopian mess.  Anyway, no matter how one interprets what God has revealed about the New Heaven and Earth it is future of unlimited possibilities and wonders that awaits everyone who has received Christ’s gift of everlasting life.  

The main idea I wanted to get across is that God has always intended for us to spread out into the universe.  It is why He made it so big.  A human population that continues to multiply itself forever needs that kind of space in which to live.  And Genesis 1 makes it clear that was God’s plan from the beginning.  It still is, only now God will move us to a New Heaven and Earth to complete it.  It will be Like the present universe but different in that it will endure forever and death will have been abolished.  It really will be a fresh start. 

My guess is He wants to remove all trace of our sinful rebellion.  Which helps to explain the amazing scope of God’s grace poured out on everyone who is born again through believing in Jesus Christ.  The first benefit Jesus spoke of was everlasting life (John 3:16).  The forgiveness of sin (Ephesians 1:7); no future Judgement for sin (John 5:24), imputed righteousness (Romans 4:5), sealed by the Holy Spirit Who is also the guarantee of our inheritance (Ephesians 1:12-13).  All of that and more is because Jesus Christ willingly took our judgement on Himself.  2 Corinthians 5:21 sums it all up well: For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.

People believe many things about what lies beyond the Grave.  The thing about belief is that believing itself has no power.  Believing a lie will not alter reality, never has and never will.  Believing what is true is what brings the more harmonious outcome.  The reality is that when we die, we will either be with God or we won’t.  Being with God brings an everlasting abundant life.  To die without Him means the Lake of Fire.  I pray you will choose life with God. 
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John 3:16 For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.  ]]>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 20:21:04 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/more-on-the-eternal-kingdomIn my last post I mentioned the New Jerusalem being in Orbit around the New Earth.  Here is why I believe that is the case.  3 times Revelation 3:12, 21:2 & 10 describes it as coming down out of Heaven.  In Revelation 21:24 it says the Nations of the earth will walk in its light.  If the New Jerusalem sits on the earth its light would not shine on one side of the planet.  Another relevant detail in Revelation 21:10 is John could see the New Jerusalem from the top of a mountain and it was moving, “descending out of heaven from God.”  He could see it because it is huge, a cube some 1,400 miles wide, deep and high. 

Another key observation is the Eternal Kingdom (Heaven) has a growing population.  That was first revealed in Isaiah 9:7 Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will perform this.  All the resurrected believers from this universe will be living in the New Jerusalem (John 14:1-4).  According to Jesus Christ resurrected saints do not marry which would indicate we won’t be making babies (Matthew 22:30).  And since that resurrection is completed before the 1,000-year Millennial Kingdom (Revelation 20:4-5) these nations of corporal humans are likely the believing survivors of the Millennial Kingdom. 

Ok, that is my opinion and just to be fair, there are a lot of people who don’t agree with me on that.  I believe I have some support from the Apostle Paul’s discussion of resurrection in 1 Corinthians.  He lays out the order of the 1st resurrection in 1 Corinthians 15:22-24 For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive. 23 But each one in his own order: Christ the firstfruits, afterward those who are Christ’s at His coming. 24 Then comes the end, when He delivers the kingdom to God the Father, when He puts an end to all rule and all authority and power.  “Those who are Christ’s at His coming” matches the timing of Revelation 20:4-5 as the completion of this 1st resurrection.  Nothing is said about what happens to the believers who live through the Millennial Kingdom.  We therefore have some freedom here to speculate as to their future.  My opinion is they enter the Eternal Kingdom as these nations mentioned in Revelation 21:24. 

Revelation 22:1-2 And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb. 2 In the middle of its street, and on either side of the river, was the tree of life, which bore twelve fruits, each tree yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.  The Tree of life, the one Adam could have eaten from and lived forever, is in the New Jerusalem.  And its leaves are for the healing of the Nations.  It just could be that those people living on the New Earth will live forever.  And that is why the Universe is so big.  A Kingdom that grows forever will need a lot of space to settle its eternal growing population. 
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Hope you will be there with us!  You can be if you believe in Jesus Christ as the redeemer and giver of life.    
]]>Sat, 24 Jan 2026 19:29:03 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/what-lies-ahead-the-eternal-kingdomAs promised, I do want to lay out what I’ve come to understand about God’s eternal Kingdom He will establish once this reality has completed its usefulness.  Most people call it heaven, but the Lord God calls it the New Heaven and Earth.  It is the replacement for the current Heaven and Earth God created in the beginning.  Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.  Because He uses the same terminology for the New as He used for the present one, I assume the words mean the same things.  As I pointed out before, the charter to Adam and Eve was to rule over the original creation which strongly implies that it will be what will be recreated in the new one. 

While the new universe will look similar to what we see now the physics and chemistry will be very different.  They will have to be since the new universe will last for eternity.  So, there will have to be some mechanism to overcome or offset entropy and compensate for energy losses.  The same for aging.  We’ll need something to continuously regenerate our bodies.  Of course, God has all that covered.  The original universe in which we live once had all those features.  I can’t give you a chapter and verse in the Bible for that, but it is implied in God’s statements in Genesis 1. 

The earth will look different because there will be no seas.  Death will have been eliminated so we’ll need the space for the growing population.  Presently, we’re running about 130 million births a year.  That’s offset by around 70 million deaths per year.  That birth rate would add another billion people in less that 8 years if not for the number of deaths.  While the new earth will start with a lower base population, we’ll still need a lot of space to handle population growth.  And eventually that will mean expanding out into the rest of the Universe!  Intergalactic space travel will become a necessity.        

The Bible does indicate space travel will be a common thing in the new universe.  Jesus Christ said believers from this universe will have their homes in God’s house.  John 14:2-3 In My Father’s house are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. 3 And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also.

In Revelation we learn God’s house is the New Jerusalem that is described as coming down out of Heaven (Rev. 3:12, 21:2 & 10). 3 times the new Jerusalem is said to be descending out of heaven.  It doesn’t ever say it lands on the earth.  Instead, we have this in Revelation 21:34 And the nations of those who are saved shall walk in its light, and the kings of the earth bring their glory and honor into it.  There will be nations of saved people living on the new earth and they will have the light of the New Jerusalem shine on them.  That sounds to me like the New Jerusalem will be orbiting the earth.  It will be a second moon, occupied by the Resurrected believers from this Universe. The light that shines from it is the manifestation of God’s presence in the New Jerusalem. 

Why don’t you read Revelation 20-22 for yourself.  Check it out before my next post where I’ll share more of what I believe it is saying. ]]>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 20:36:22 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/why-i-blogWhen considering where life is taking you there are only 2 big picture outcomes available.  Our existence either ends when our body dies or we continue to live on in whatever lies beyond.  Option one means there really isn’t any purpose to life, so make of it what you will.  Option two means that what we do with our lives just might matter.  Looking at it from a non-religious point of view, the degree of order plus the appearance of an engineered structure to the universe is enough for me to go with option 2.  Our existence does extent beyond the Grave. 

That was my personal position long before I became a believer in Jesus Christ.  I believed there was a divine intelligence behind the creation.  I bought into the improbability of an infinite regression, so yes, I believed the universe was created by God.  I just didn’t know who God is.  So, I admit I had a bias against the first option of no after life.  Having gone that far in trying to make sense of life, you’re more or less forced into a monotheistic view of God since there can only be one eternal infinite being.  So, polytheism was never a serious consideration for me.   Nor did I believe it possible that an impersonal mindless force was behind existence.  

I don’t mean to imply I spent long nights pondering the deep things of existence.  I wasn’t even a very good student in school.  I was actually bored with most of it.  I did have an interest in knowing stuff so I spent a lot of time reading books.  I still do.  It was while I was on active duty with the Naval Air Reserves that I ran into a group of people my age who explained what Christmas and Easter were all about.  They walked me through the Biblical narrative of what Jesus Christ’s life, death and resurrection accomplished.  They showed me the Old Testament prophesies that predicted the timing of His birth and execution by the Romans.  The evidence supporting the resurrection and much more.  I spent most of a day reading and discussing those things before I was convinced it was all true.  I believed and Jesus Christ gave me everlasting life. 
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That is why I’m posting these short essays on this blog.  I’m praying those of you who read this will serious consider what your own future could be.  Life is not meaningless.  There is a wonderful future in a world yet to come for those who seek it.  In my next posts I’ll share my understanding of what the Bible says about that new world we call Heaven.  ]]>Sat, 17 Jan 2026 21:31:43 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/january-17th-2026In the previous post I said God had a purpose for the creation.  I should have said He has a purpose because He hasn’t changed His mind.  He will achieve His original intent which was revealed in Genesis 1:26. 
Genesis 1:26 Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”  

Genesis 1:28 records God’s actual commission to Adam and Eve.  Genesis 1:28 Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”  This is the first description of God’s intention to create a Kingdom in which He would delegate some authority to rule with Him to mankind.  Initially, it was limited to having dominion over this planet.  However, I assume that when the fill the earth part was completed the Lord would have expanded the scope of our management to include other worlds.  The massive size of the universe He created suggests He planned for us to move out into it someday.  

We’re actually taking the first baby steps in doing just that.  My guess is we would be a lot further along on space exploration if Adam had not chosen to listen to Satan’s lie and broke faith with God.  His disobedience changed something in his fundamental make up.  Adam was created with something of God’s likeness in him.  God never explained exactly what “in Our image” was, but something of what it was did die when Adam sinned. 

We have this in Genesis 5:3 And Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth.  I believe it is significant that it says Seth was born in the likeness of Adam after his (Adam’s) image. The human race was no longer what God had originally created, something in us had changed.  The conflict between Cain and Abel points to a weakness in our sense of morality.  And it was accompanied by aging and physical death.  Romans 5:12 Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned. 

That verse implies God had intended Adam and Eve to live forever.  He had put the tree of life in the Garden to sustain them.  It also indicates the capacity for everlasting life was lost to the whole creation.  We humans would die, but death had permeated the entire creation.  That is why God speaks of one day creating a New Heaven and Earth, a new universe free of the death curse we live under.  He does not; however, intend to create a new human race.  God said this to Satan in Genesis 3:15 And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel.  Her Seed being a descendent of Eve and your seed being the entity behind the serpent – Satan.   
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That was the first Messianic prophecy.  God would send us a Redeemer who would open the way to recover what was lost when Adam sinned.  Everlasting life and a future fulfilling the Kingdom heritage given us through Adam in Genesis 1:28. It is open to all who will believe Jesus Christ for it.  
]]>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 15:33:42 GMThttps://www.tregocommunitychurch.org/church-blog/faith-can-bring-a-bright-new-futureIn the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God, John 1:1-2 (Most Scripture references are from NKJV, Thomas Nelson, 1982 ed.)

That is how the Apostle John, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, decided to open his account of Jesus Christ’s incarnation.  It all started with the Word.  Word, the means by which communication takes place.  But John had more in mind than a verbal expression because the Word is both with God and was God.  And John knew the Word is more than an idea He is a person. 

In John 1:14 he went on to say: And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.  We just celebrated the birth of Jesus Christ a few weeks ago.  Grace and Truth are what we need.  John 1:16-18 And of His fullness we have all received, and grace for grace. 17 For the law was given through Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.  18 No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared Him.

God is not some mindless force or gestalt; He is a person.  In fact, He is 3 persons sharing the same essence of being or existence.  We know God as the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.  John told us that in the beginning of creation God had a purpose which has been communicated to us by Jesus Christ, the Word.  That purpose is the future eternal kingdom the Lord calls the new heaven and earth, Isaiah 65:17 & Revelation 21:1. It will replace this one which has been tainted by our bad choices.  Those bad choices are what has separated so many of us from God.  The reason Jesus Christ became a man and dwelt among us was to do away with what has held us apart. 

The new heaven and earth are briefly described in the Bible.  Isaiah 9:6 & 7 tell us it will be an ever-expanding reality of untold possibilities.  Revelation 21 & 22 gives us a snap shot of what it will be like which should excite every sci-fi fan who takes the time to read it.  That is where the story of Nicodemus comes in to play.  You must have everlasting life to live in the Kingdom.  And to receive everlasting life requires you believe in Jesus Christ.  He became a man in order to die for your bad choices, you sin.  Sin is the bringer of death to God.  Jesus Christ brings life.   
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John 3:16 For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.  
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